rocket_launch
블루티쳐
244_y1 xg.txt (1-99) ⌬ 블루티쳐영어
25년 01월 09일
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어법 esh-701Most industrialized countries have produced a number of good architects. Few countries, however, ① [to / can] claim to ② [be / have] produced a great architect. One country ③ [that / where] can make ④ [that / what] claim without embarrassment is Spain. There, at the summit of the nation's architectural genius, ⑤ [stand / stands] Antoni Gaudi. Gaudi was ⑥ [bearing / born] in Catalonia, Spain, in 1852. As a child, he was ⑦ [fascinating / fascinated] by the natural wonders of the surrounding countryside. Gaudi took an interest in architecture at a young age and studied architecture in Barcelona, the city ⑧ [that / where] would become home to his greatest works. Gaudi's designs were deeply ⑨ [influencing / influenced] by forms in nature. He understood ⑩ [that / where] the natural world is full of ⑪ [curving / curved] lines, rather than straight lines. As a result, most of his constructions use ⑫ [curved / curving] stones and animal- or plant-shaped designs. Gaudi's work is also ⑬ [knowing / known] for its use of bold colors. He decorated ⑭ [many / many of] his buildings with colorful tiles. This combination of natural designs and bright colors ⑮ [create / creates] a breathtaking visual experience. Here are some of Gaudi's greatest works, all of which ⑯ [is / are] found in the city of Barcelona.
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어법 esh-702Parc Güell is a public park and ① [is / are] one of Gaudi's most decorative works. Gaudi completed this park in 1914. It was ② [building / built] for Eusebi Güell, a rich businessman ③ [who / where] admired Gaudi's style. Parc Güell contains ④ [amazing / amazed] stone structures, gorgeous tiles, and beautiful buildings. At the entrance to the park ⑤ [is / are] two buildings, both with ⑥ [curving / curved] roofs. These buildings seem to ⑦ [be / have] taken directly from "Hansel and Gretel. "The park is also home to a famous dragon fountain, ⑧ [covered / covering] with beautiful colored tiles. Known as "El Drac," which means "the dragon" in the language of Catalonia, this colorful fountain is a symbol of Parc Güell. On a hill within the park ⑨ [are / is] curved terraces and multicolored tile seats ⑩ [which / where] visitors can enjoy wonderful views of Barcelona and the ⑪ [sea / sea beyond].
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어법 esh-703Casa Batllo is a house ① [renovated / renovating] by Gaudi between 1904 and 1906. Built in 1877, the original building was very different from ② [how / what] it is today. When it was ③ [purchasing / purchased] by Joseph Batllo, he asked Gaudi ④ [adding / to add] his impressive touch to the design. From the outside, Casa Batllo looks as if it has been ⑤ [making / made] from skulls and bones. The skulls are in fact balconies and the bones are supporting stone columns between the windows. These details have given the house ⑥ [the nickname / to the nickname], the House of Bones. Gaudi decorated the building with colors and ⑦ [shape / shapes] found in the sea. Indeed, the design of the green and blue tiles on the wall remind people ⑧ [of / to] the sea, while the ⑨ [curving / curved] window frames were ⑩ [inspiring / inspired] by ocean waves. The interior of the house is ⑪ [even / very] more impressive. Everything is curved, including the walls, the ceilings, and the wooden doors. ⑫ [Because / Because of] the curves, the Batllo family could not fit their traditional, straight furniture against the ⑬ [curving / curved] surfaces. Thus, Gaudi had to design special furniture for the family.
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어법 esh-704Sagrada Familia is the most widely-known symbol of Barcelona and one of the world's largest churches. Begun in 1882, it has been under construction for more than one hundred years. It is expected that the church will be ① [completing / completed] in 2026, on the 100th anniversary of Gaudi's death. ② [Though / Despite] its incomplete state, Sagrada Familia's incredible design draws an ③ [estimating / estimated] 2.5 million tourists every year. On the outside, the church will have 18 high towers. When completed, the highest tower will reach ④ [a / to a] height of 170 meters. The walls are ⑤ [decorating / decorated] with sculptures that ⑥ [describes / describe] events in the Bible. When you step inside the church, the large columns ⑦ [supporting / supported] the ceiling immediately catch your eye. The columns branch out at the top ⑧ [so that / in that] each column looks like a huge tree. Between the columns are skylights to let natural ⑨ [light / light in]. The colorful stained glass windows filter the sunlight and ⑩ [project / projects] red, blue, and green light all over the interior space. The tree-like columns and the different light at different times of the day transform the inside of the church into a stone forest.
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어법 esh-705These are only three of Gaudi's many works in or near Barcelona. All ① [is / are] recognized as important works of architecture, and seven have been ② [naming / named] UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These ③ [extraordinary / extraordinarily] works show how ④ [important / importantly] Gaudi was to the development of modern architecture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Even today his imaginative, creative, unique architecture characterizes the city of Barcelona. No visitor to Barcelona would want to leave without seeing these works of Antoni Gaudi.
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어법 esh-801In 2011, an earthquake and its accompanying tsunami destroyed Japan's Fukushima nuclear power plant. The resulting nuclear disaster released large amounts of radioactive material into the surrounding area. Since it was impossible ① [of / for] humans to work in this environment, the Japanese government considered ② [to send / sending] in robots to handle the situation. The robots the Japanese ③ [was / were] using, however, ④ [was / were] not up to the task. Eventually, humans had to do most of the ⑤ [extreme / extremely] dangerous work.
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어법 esh-802Since then, there has been ① [renewing / renewed] emphasis on developing robots that can serve in dangerous situations. In response to Japan's nuclear disaster, the 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge was created to speed up the development of robots that could work in disaster-stricken areas. The competition attracted 25 teams from around the world. The winner was a Korean team from KAIST who developed a robot ② [calling / called] HUBO. During the competition, the robots had to solve a series of problems they might come upon in a disaster situation. The tasks were: driving a vehicle, ③ [get / getting] out of the vehicle, ④ [open / opening] a door, ⑤ [locate / locating] and closing a leaking valve, ⑥ [use / using] a drill to cut through a wall, ⑦ [pull / pulling] a plug out of a wall socket and then ⑧ [plugg / plugging] ⑨ [it / it in], navigating rough terrain, and ⑩ [climb / climbing] stairs. HUBO completed all eight tasks in the shortest time of all the competitors – 44 minutes and 28 seconds. The key ⑪ [to / for] HUBO's success was its ability to move from a standing position ⑫ [for / to] a kneeling position. HUBO had wheels ⑬ [attached / attaching] to its knees and feet. When ⑭ [kneeling / kneeled], HUBO was able to use these wheels to move around quickly and decisively.
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어법 esh-803From the beginning, HUBO was better than the other robots at performing the tasks. It was able to drive a vehicle fast and when it encountered a barrier, ① [it / which] was able to turn the vehicle smoothly to avoid it. Next, it was able to get out of the car in less than four minutes ② [and / that], once out of the vehicle, got on its knees and sped away. As the series of eight tasks became progressively more difficult, HUBO's performance on the tasks reflected the growing difficulty. On the fifth task, ③ [for them / for which] it had to use a drill to cut through a wall, HUBO failed on its first attempt. ④ [General speaking / Generally speaking], it was difficult ⑤ [of / for] a robot to hold a drill in the right position and simultaneously ⑥ [press / pressing] an on/off button. On the second trial, however, HUBO successfully completed the task. The task ⑦ [that / where] took the longest time for HUBO was the sixth one, ⑧ [pull / pulling] a plug out of a wall socket and putting it back ⑨ [into / for] another. It takes a human less than 10 seconds ⑩ [performing / to perform] the task, but it took HUBO 13 minutes and 30 seconds.
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어법 esh-804For the final task, climbing stairs, ① [it / which] was important that the robot ② [be / was] able to see its feet. Other robots had difficulty ③ [doing / done] this because they had to bend their bodies forward to see over their knees to scan the stairs. This awkward move ④ [caused / causing] them ⑤ [losing / to lose] their balance. HUBO solved this problem in a clever way. It climbed the stairs backward. But how did it see the steps ⑥ [that / if] it was moving backwards? By rotating its upper body 180 degrees. That way, the robot's knees did not block the camera's view of either the feet ⑦ [or / nor] the floor. After scanning the stairs, the robot set ⑧ [up / off] to climb to the top, ⑨ [complete / completing] the task effortlessly.
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어법 esh-805This ① [amazing / amazed] robot was not ② [making / made] in a day. The KAIST team ③ [have / had] already built four HUBOs and ④ [having / had] been ⑤ [improving / improved] them for years. They practiced outdoors, in good weather and bad, and on rough terrain. They burned up motor after motor, but never gave up. They approached ⑥ [each / to each] failure as a challenge to make a faster, stronger, and better robot. The DARPA Robotics Challenge eventually ended, but it is only the beginning. In the future, there will be other robots like HUBO. They will be ⑦ [calling / called] upon to perform ⑧ [complicated / complicating] tasks that will be too dangerous for humans. Scientists expect ⑨ [that / what] these robots will save lives and ⑩ [reduce / reduces] the damage ⑪ [caused / causing] by future disasters.
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어법 2411-20For ① [many / many of] us, ② [make / making] time for exercise is a continuing challenge. Between work commitments and family obligations, ③ [it / which] often feels like there's no room in our ④ [packing / packed] schedules for a ⑤ [dedicating / dedicated] workout. But ⑥ [what / what if] the workout came to you, right in the midst of your daily routine? That's where the beauty of integrating mini-exercises into household chores ⑦ [come / comes] into play. Let's be realistic; chores are inevitable. ⑧ [Whether / If] it's washing dishes or taking out the trash, these tasks are an essential part of daily life. But rather than viewing chores as purely obligatory activities, why not seize these moments as opportunities for physical activity? For instance, ⑨ [practice / practices] squats or ⑩ [engage / engages] in some wall push-ups as you wait for your morning kettle to boil. Incorporating quick exercises into your daily chores can improve your health.
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어법 2411-21When we see something, we naturally and automatically ① [break / breaking] it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that we ② [are / have] learned education. We recode what we see through the lens of everything ③ [that / what] we know. We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the video from memory. This is a useful trait. It's a more efficient way to store information ─ a bit like an optimal image compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than storing a raw bitmap image file. People ④ [who / where] lack this ability and ⑤ [remember / remembers] everything in perfect detail struggle to generalize, ⑥ [learn / learns], and make connections between what they have learned. But representing the world as abstract ideas and ⑦ [feature / features] ⑧ [come / comes] at a cost of seeing the world as it ⑨ [is / does]. Instead, we see the world through our assumptions, motivations, and past experiences. The discovery ⑩ [that / where] our memories are ⑪ [reconstructing / reconstructed] through abstract representations rather than played back like a movie completely undermined the legal primacy of eyewitness testimony. Seeing is not believing.
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어법 2411-22In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and ① [finding / found] evidence ② [that / which] a careful deliberation of facial features and a ③ [detailing / detailed] discussion of selection procedures can ④ [actual / actually] be a sign of an inaccurate identification. It's when people find themselves unable to explain why they recognize the person, saying things like "his face just popped out at me," ⑤ [that / what] they tend to be accurate more often. Sometimes our first, immediate, automatic reaction to a situation is the truest interpretation of ⑥ [how / what] our mind is telling us. That very first impression can also be more accurate about the world than the deliberative, ⑦ [reasoning / reasoned] self-narrative can ⑧ [be / do]. In his book Blink, Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of studies in psychology and behavioral economics that ⑨ [demonstrates / demonstrate] the superior performance of ⑩ [relative / relatively] unconscious first guesses compared to logical step-by-step justifications for a decision.
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어법 2411-23Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative data. A study of happiness might measure the number of times someone smiles ① [since / during] an interaction, and a study of memory might measure the number of items an individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes. Asking people how many times in a year they are sad will also yield quantitative data, but it might not be reliable. Respondents' recollections may be inaccurate, and their definitions of 'sad' could vary widely. But asking "How many times in the past year ② [was / were] you ③ [enough sad / sad enough] to call in sick to work？" prompts a concrete answer. Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how ④ [bad / badly] a procrastinator they are, ⑤ [ask / asks], "How ⑥ [many / many of] your utility bills are you currently late in paying, ⑦ [while / even though] you can afford to pay them?" Questions ⑧ [that / where] seek concrete responses ⑨ [help make / help making] abstract concepts clearer and ⑩ [ensure / ensures] consistency from one study ⑪ [for / to] the next.
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어법 2411-24The evolution of AI is often ① [associating / associated] with the concept of singularity. Singularity refers to the point ② [at them / at which] AI exceeds human intelligence. After that point, it is predicted that AI will ③ [repeated / repeatedly] improve itself and ④ [evolve / evolves] at an ⑤ [accelerating / accelerated] pace. When AI becomes self-aware and pursues its own goals, ⑥ [it / which] will be a conscious being, not just a machine. AI and human consciousness will then begin to evolve together. Our consciousness will evolve to new dimensions through our interactions with AI, ⑦ [it / which] will provide us ⑧ [with / for] intellectual stimulation and ⑨ [inspire / inspires] new insights and creativity. Conversely, our consciousness also has a significant impact on the evolution of AI. The direction of AI's evolution will depend greatly on ⑩ [how / what] values and ethics we incorporate into AI. We need to see our relationship with AI as a mutual coexistence of conscious beings, ⑪ [recognize / recognizing] its rights and supporting the evolution of its consciousness.
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어법 2411-29Digital technologies are essentially ① [relating / related] to metaphors, but digital metaphors are different from linguistic ② [one / ones] in important ways. Linguistic metaphors are passive, in the sense that the audience needs to choose to actively enter ③ [the / into the] world ④ [proposed / proposing] by metaphor. In the Shakespearean metaphor "time is a beggar," the audience is unlikely to understand the metaphor without cognitive effort and without further engaging Shakespeare's prose. Technological metaphors, on the other hand, ⑤ [to be / are] active in the sense that they are ⑥ [realizing / realized] in digital artifacts that ⑦ [is / are] actively doing things, forcefully changing a user's meaning horizon. Technological creators cannot ⑧ [general / generally] afford to require their potential audience to wonder how the metaphor works; normally the selling point is ⑨ [that / what] the usefulness of the technology is obvious at first glance. Shakespeare, on the other hand, ⑩ [is / are] beloved in part because the meaning of his works ⑪ [is / are] not ⑫ [immediate / immediately] obvious and ⑬ [require / requires] some thought on the part of the audience.
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어법 2411-30Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for recognizing our limitations in information, time, and cognitive capacity. As we lack the resources to compute answers ① [independent / independently], we distribute the computation across the population and ② [solve / solves] the answer ③ [slow / slowly], generation by generation. Then all we have to do is socially learn the right answers. You don't need to understand how your computer or toilet works; you just need to be able to use the interface and flush. All ④ [that / where] needs to be transmitted ⑤ [is / being] which button to push ─ essentially ⑥ [how / what] to ⑦ [interact / be interacted] with technologies rather than how they work. And so instead of holding more information than we have mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we could dedicate our large brains to a small piece of a giant calculation. We understand things ⑧ [enough well / well enough] to benefit from them, but all the while we are making small calculations that ⑨ [contributes / contribute] to a larger whole. We are just doing our part in a larger computation for our societies' collective brains.
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어법 2411-31The best defence most species of octopus have ① [to be / is] to stay hidden as much as possible and ② [do / does] their own hunting at night. So to find one in full view in the shallows in daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater photographers. Actually, what they saw at first was a flounder. It was only when they looked again ③ [that / what] they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms ④ [folded / folding] and its two eyes ⑤ [staring / stared] upwards to create the illusion. An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a completely different creature. Many more of this species have been ⑥ [finding / found] since then, and there ⑦ [is / are] now photographs of octopuses that could be said to be ⑧ [transformed / transforming] into sea snakes. And while they mimic, they hunt ─ producing the ⑨ [spectacle / spectacle of], ⑩ [say / says], a flounder suddenly ⑪ [develop / developing] an octopodian arm, ⑫ [stick / sticking] it down a hole and grabbing whatever's hiding there.
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어법 2411-25The above graph shows the electricity generation from fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewables in four countries in 2023. Australia's electricity generation only comes from fossil fuels and renewables, and the percentage of fossil fuels ① [is / are] more than twice ② [that / those] of renewables. In terms of electricity generation from nuclear energy, the U.S. shows the highest percentage among all four countries. The percentage of electricity generation from fossil fuels in the U.S. is higher than that in the U.K., which is also true for renewables. In the U.K., the percentage of electricity ③ [generated / generating] from nuclear energy is less than a third of that generated from renewables. Brazil's percentage of electricity ④ [generated / generating] from renewables ⑤ [is / are] 10 percentage points larger than ⑥ [that / those] of Australia and the U.K. combined.
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어법 2411-26Douglas Kirkland, ① [knowing / known] for his ② [high / highly] artistic portraits of Hollywood celebrities, ③ [was / were] born in Toronto, Canada. When he was young, he eagerly awaited the weekly arrival of Life magazine and ④ [discuss / discussed] the photographs the magazine ⑤ [contained / containing] with his father. Believing that he would have better career prospects, Kirkland moved to the United States after ⑥ [graduating / graduated] from high school and ⑦ [finding / found] work at a photography studio. When Look magazine hired him at age 24, he became their second-youngest photographer ever. His photos ⑧ [taken / taking] of Marilyn Monroe in 1961 became iconic almost instantly. Kirkland spent his weeks ⑨ [shooting / shot] day-to-day life across the United States and his weekends in exotic locations. His photo essays could run up to a dozen pages and ⑩ [was / were] seen by more than half of all Americans.
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어법 2411-32How much we suffer relates to how we frame the pain in our mind. When 1500m runners push themselves into extreme pain ① [wining / to win] a race ─ their muscles screaming and their lungs ② [exploding / exploded] with oxygen deficit, they don't psychologically suffer much. In fact, ultramarathon runners ─ those people who are ③ [enough crazy / crazy enough] to push themselves beyond the normal boundaries of human endurance, ④ [cover / covering] distances of 50-100km or more over many hours, ⑤ [talk / talks] about making friends with their pain. When a patient has paid for some form of passive back pain therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a painful part of a patient's back to mobilise it, the patient calls that good pain if he or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment will ⑥ [be / be of] value, ⑦ [while / even though] the practitioner is pushing right into the patient's sore tissues.
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어법 2411-33When I worked for a large electronics company that manufactured laser and inkjet printers, I soon discovered why there ① [is / are] often three versions of many consumer goods. If the manufacturer makes only one version of its product, people ② [who / where] bought it ③ [might / should] have been ④ [willing / willed] to spend more money, so the company is losing some income. If the company offers two versions, one with more features and more expensive than the other, people will compare the two models and still buy the less expensive one. But if the company introduces a third model with ⑤ [even / very] more features and more expensive than the other two, sales of the second model go up; many people like the features of the most expensive model, but not the price. The middle item has more features than the least expensive one, and it is less expensive than the fanciest model. They buy the middle item, unaware that they have been ⑥ [manipulating / manipulated] by the presence of the higher-priced item.
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어법 2411-34Onscreen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but the scope of the world's climate transformation may just as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre ─ indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, ① [it / which] could grow too ② [large / largely] and too obvious even for Hollywood. You can tell stories 'about' climate change while it still seems a marginal feature of human life. But ③ [when / which] the temperature rises by three or four more degrees, hardly ④ [anyone / did anyone] will be able to feel ⑤ [isolating / isolated] from its impacts. And so as climate change expands across the horizon, ⑥ [it / which] may cease to be a story. Why watch or read climate fiction about the world you can see plainly out your own window? At the moment, stories ⑦ [illustrating / illustrated] global warming can ⑧ [still / very] offer an escapist pleasure, ⑨ [while / even if] that pleasure often comes in the form of horror. But ⑩ [when / which] we can no longer pretend ⑪ [that / what] climate suffering is distant ─ in time or in place ─ we will stop ⑫ [pretending / to pretend] about it and ⑬ [start / starts] pretending within it.
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어법 2411-35Today, the water crisis ① [is / are] political ─ which is to say, not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ─ ② [and / that], therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is nevertheless ③ [distressing / distressed]: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, and careless urbanization. There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren't doing much to address it. Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an ④ [estimating / estimated] loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent. Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the selective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not inequities, ⑤ [leave / leaving] 2.1 billion people without safe drinking water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation worldwide.
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어법 2411-36As individuals, our ability to thrive ① [depended / depending] on how well we navigated relationships in a group. If the group valued us, we ② [will / could] count on support, resources, and probably a mate. If it didn't, we might get none of these merits. It was a matter of survival, physically and genetically. Over millions of years, the pressure ③ [selected / selecting] for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing. The result was the development of a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our community perceive us. We process ④ [that / where] information in the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity. These emotions compel us to do more of ⑤ [how / what] makes our community ⑥ [value / valuing] us and less of ⑦ [how / what] doesn't. And, ⑧ [crucial / crucially], they are meant to make ⑨ [that / what] motivation feel like it is ⑩ [come / coming] ⑪ [from / from within]. If we realized, on a conscious level, ⑫ [what / that] we were ⑬ [responded / responding] to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, ⑭ [make / making] it less persuasive.
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어법 2411-37Conventional medicine has long believed that depression is ① [causing / caused] by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. However, there is a major problem with this explanation. This is ② [why / because] the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause. In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances ③ [cause / causes] depression. In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness. Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that ④ [goes / go] beyond the functioning of the brain. The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness. If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its sense of self and the meaning of life. Such a disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.
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어법 2411-38The common accounts of human nature that float around in society ① [is / are] generally a mixture of assumptions, tales and sometimes plain silliness. However, psychology is different. It is the branch of science ② [that / what] is devoted to ③ [understand / understanding] people: how and ④ [why / that] we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and ⑤ [how / that] we ⑥ [interact / be interacted] with one another. The key word here is 'science.' Psychologists don't depend on opinions and hearsay, or the ⑦ [general / generally] accepted views of society at the time, or even the ⑧ [considering / considered] opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, they look ⑨ [for / after] evidence, ⑩ [can make / to make] sure that psychological ideas are firmly ⑪ [basing / based], and not just derived from generally ⑫ [holding / held] beliefs or assumptions. In addition to this evidence-based approach, psychology deals with fundamental processes and principles that ⑬ [generates / generate] our rich cultural and social diversity, as well as those shared by all human beings. These are what ⑭ [modern / modernly] psychology is ⑮ [all / all about].
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어법 2411-39Life is ① [that / what] physicists might call a 'high-dimensional system,' which is their fancy way of saying that there's a lot ② [going / going on]. In just a single cell, the number of possible interactions between different molecules ③ [is / are] enormous. Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a smaller number of collective ways of being may emerge. For example, it is only a ④ [limiting / limited] number of tissues and body shapes that may ⑤ [result in / result from] the development of a human embryo. In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington ⑥ [calling / called] this drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization. The organism may switch between a small number of well-defined possible states, but can't exist in random states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of one valley or another. We'll see ⑦ [that / what] this is true also of health and disease: there ⑧ [is / are] many causes of illness, but their manifestations at the physiological and symptomatic levels are often strikingly similar.
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어법 2411-40Punishing a child may not be effective ① [because / due to] what Alvaro Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, ② [call / calls] 'trick-punishments.' A trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, ③ [it / which] encourages them ④ [doing / to do] it. For example, Hugh learns ⑤ [when / that when] he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. For a child who ⑥ [feels / feel] ⑦ [lone / lonely], being scolded ⑧ [is / being] ⑨ [much / very] better than feeling ⑩ [invisible / invisiblely], so he will continue to hit his brother. In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy. For instance, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time. The mother clearly cannot allow the child ⑪ [hitting / to hit] his little brother, but instead of ⑫ [constant / constantly] pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.
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어법 2411-4142From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and events, ① [preferr / preferring] this reasoning ② [to / for] random chance. Children assume, for instance, ③ [what / that] pointy rocks are that way because they don't want you ④ [sitting / to sit] on them. When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing ⑤ [that / what] it is. Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be ⑥ [evaluating / evaluated] from physics alone. However, by attributing intention ⑦ [to / for] animals and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being ⑧ [eating / eaten] by predators. The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous ⑨ [object / objects] as agents with human mental characteristics, as those ⑩ [is / are] the mental processes which we understand. Ambiguous events are ⑪ [causing / caused] by such agents. This ⑫ [results from / results in] a perceptual system strongly ⑬ [biased / biasing] towards anthropomorphism. Therefore, we tend to assume intention even where there is none. This would have arisen as a survival mechanism. If a lion is about ⑭ [attacking / to attack] you, you need to react ⑮ [quick / quickly], ⑯ [given / giving] its probable intention to kill you. By the time you have realized that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, you are dead. So, ⑰ [assume / assuming] intent, without ⑱ [detailing / detailed] design analysis or understanding of the physics, ⑲ [has / have] saved your life.
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